Past Participle
What is a Past Participle?
What does past participle mean? A past participle is formed from a verb. Because it is used to express actions that have already happened, it takes the past tense form. Most past participles end in -ed.
Past Participle Examples:- Verb: to play
- Past participle: played
- Sentence: She had played for hours. (used in past perfect tense)
- Verb: to accelerate
- Past Participle: accelerated
- The speed at which the Zika virus is spreading in Puerto Rico has accelerated sharply, according to new federal data, complicating already difficult efforts to prevent thousands of pregnant women in the territory from infection. –The Wall Street Journal
- Verb: to buy
- Past participle: bought
- Social media sites are hot these days. Snapchat. Instagram. Even if Verizon had bought Pokemon Go, the mobile augmented reality app that has been around only a couple weeks and yet has tens of millions of people chasing make-believe creatures down streets and through parks, there might be more tongues wagging among analysts. –The Washington Post
Past Participles as Adjectives
Past participles can be used to as adjectives. In this way, they modify nouns or noun phrases.
Even though they are acting like adjectives, past participles still look like verbs. Finding their placement in a sentence is key to understanding how they are being used in a sentence.
Example:
- Verb: to ruin
- Past participle: ruined
- Past participle as adjective (modifying noun phrase): ruined my good mood
- Sentence: The stormy weather ruined my good mood.
In this sentence, ruined serves as an adjective to modify the noun phrase my good mood.
Example:
- Verb: to break (irregular verb)
- Past participle: broken
- Past participle as adjective: broken glass
- Sentence: We were careful to avoid the broken glass.
In this sentence, broken serves as an adjective to modify the noun glass.
Past Participles in Participle Phrases
Past participles can also be used to create past participle phrases which act as adjectives.
Even though they are acting like adjectives, past participles still look like verbs. Finding their placement in a sentence is key to understanding how they are being used in a sentence.
In a participle phrase, the participle usually is the first word.
Example:
- Verb: to brush
- Past participle: brushed
- Past participle as participle phrase: brushed with a comb
- Sentence: Brushed with a comb, the dog’s fur felt smooth.
In this sentence, brushed with a comb serves as an adjective in a participle phrase to modify the dog’s fur.
Example:
- Verb: to wrack
- Past participle: wracked
- Past participle as participle phrase: wracked with doubt
- Sentence: The child had a mind wracked with doubt.
In this sentence, wracked with doubt serves as an adjective in a participle phrase to modify the child’s mind.
Forming the Past Participle: How to Form Past Participle Verbs
The past participle of most regular verbs is formed by adding “-ed” to the end of the base (infinitive) form of the verb.- talk > talked
- chew > chewed
- reach > reached
The past participle of some verbs ending in a short vowel sound require doubling the last consonant before adding “-ed”
- brag > bragged
- skip > skipped
- stop > stopped
The past participle of verbs that end with an “e” required only adding a “d” to the end of the word.
- wave > waved
- judge > judged
- reserve > reserved
The past participle of verbs ending in “y” where the “y” replaces a vowel sound require the “y” to be dropped and “-ing” to be added.
- study > studied
- imply > implied
- deny > denied
The past participle of irregular verbs do not follow a specific pattern. Here are a few common examples.- run > ran
- sing > sang
- bring > brought
Past Participles in Other Tenses
In addition to being used as an adjectives, past participles are used to form the perfect tenses in English. Here is how they appear in the various tense.
The Four Past Tenses:
- Simple Past Tense > I spoke
- Past Progressive Tense > I was speaking
- Past Perfect Tense > I had spoken.
- Past Perfect Progressive Tense > I had been speaking.
The Four Present Tenses:
- Simple Present Tense > I speak
- Present Progressive Tense > I am speaking
- Present Perfect Tense > I have spoken
- Present Perfect Progressive Tense > I have been speaking
The Four Future Tenses:
- Simple Future Tense: I will speak
- Future Progressive Tense: I will be speaking
- Future Perfect Tense: I will have spoken
- Future Perfect Progressive Tense: I will have been speaking.
Error Analysis
1. The food is served in this restaurant is terrible. (Incorrect)
Analisa:
is served harusnya served saja karena berfungsi sebagai adjective. Sedangkan Subject nya adalah The food dan Verb nya adalah IS. Kalimat yang benar adalah The food served in this restaurant is terrible.
2. The car stoped on the deserted runway. (Correct)
Analisa:
Subject is The car and Verb is stoped, Deserted adalah adjective
3. The unexpected famous people arrived just at dinnertime. (Correct)
Analisa:
unexpected adalah adjective.
Subject nya adalah famous people dan Verb nya arrived.
4. The books are listed in the first shelf are finished in order. (Incorrect)
Analisa:
are finished seharusnya hanya finished dan berfungsi sebagai adjective bukan part of a verb.
Subject nya adalah The booksdan verbnya are finished .
5. The teacher found the lost exam. (Correct)
Analisa:
lost adalah adjective.
Subject nya adalah teacher sedangkan verbnya adalah found.
6. The small apartment very crowded and disorganized. (Incorrect)
Analisa:
Kalimat diatas tidak mempunyai verb of be, is.
Kalimat yang benar adalah The small apartment is very crowded and disorganized.
7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends. (Correct)
Analisa:
developed berfungsi sebagai adjective.
Subject nya adalah photographs dan verb nya adalah showed.
8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels. (Correct)
Analisa:
locked dan unworn berfungsi sebagai adjective.
Subject nya adalah drawer dan verbya adalah contained
9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs. (Incorrect)
Analisa:
was blown seharusnya adalah blown saja dan berfungsi sebagai adjective bukannya part of a verb.
Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah The tree blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper. (Correct)
Analisa:
registered berfungsi sebagai adjective.
Subject nya adalah students dan verbnya adalah are listed.
Multiple Choices Exercise
1. Having finished their exam, ...
A. the books must be returned to the library
B. the library requires the books to be returned
C. The library requires students to return the books
D. the library requires the books to be returned
E. students must return the books to the library
Jawab : E
Pembahasan soal : Bentuknya Having + V3 berarti aktif (setelah menyelesaikan ujian mereka), sehingga subject kalimatnya adalah pelakunya (the students).
2. "Who was released from prison in Beijing?"
"Wei Jingsheng .... political opponent."
A. is a leading
B. to be a leader
C. who is a leader
D. he leads
E. a leading
Jawab : E
Pembahasan soal : Yang diperlukan adalah keterangan dari subject (Wei Jingsheng), maka dipakai Participle aktif (V ing).
3. 'Whose car is that?"
"You mean the one ... in front of the bookstore."
A. parking
B. it parks
C. to be parked
D. parked
E. to park
Jawab : D
Pembahasan soal : Untuk menerangkan "the one" dibutuhkan Participle (V ing / V3) karena diikuti preposisi (in) maka Participle nya pasif (V3).
4. Trying to smuggle drugs into the country, the criminals were caught by the customs officials at the airport.
The underlined words mean: .... to smuggle drugs into the country.
A. when the criminals were trying
B. although the customs officials have tried
C. before the smuggle tried
D. because the customs officials were trying
E. until the criminals were trying
Jawab : A
Pembahasan soal : Participle mempunyai subject yang sama (criminal) dan berarti dua peristiwa
bersamaan (when, while).
5. Not allowed to use any kind of transportation, .....
A. walking to far away places is common practice for Badui Dalam People
B. Badui Dalam People walk long distance when they travel
C. people may wonder how Badui Dalam People can walk such long distances
D. traveling to faraway places is usually done by walking
E. It is common for Badui Dalam people to walk long distances
Jawab : B
Pembahasan soal : "Not allowed to use ..." tidak diperbolehkan menggunakan ..., Jadi subject yang cocok adalah orang yang dilarang menggunakan alat transportasi (Badui Dalam People).
Source : https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/past-participle
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